Rapport sur la viticulture en Afghanistan II. Ampélographie

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Rapport sur la viticulture en Afghanistan I. La viticulture en Afghanistan

Nous sommes heureux de remercier Monsieur RAFIQ, Vice-Ministre de !'Agriculture à Kaboul qui nous a accordé toutes les facilités pour nos déplacements ainsi que les lettres d'introduction auprès des Directeurs des Services de !'Agriculture à Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-iSharif et Qunduz. Nos remerciements iront également à notre ancier.. élève M. ANAM, Ingénieur Agricole, Directeur des Forêts pour ses précieux conseils et pour toute l'aide matérielle apportée, notamment en nous faisant accompagner durant tout notre séjour par un de ses fonctionnaires, M. ZAHER, qui nous a servi de fidéle interprète auprès des Agriculteurs et que nous tenons à remercier tout particulièrement. Nous n'oublierons pas non plus M. NABIZADA, Ingénieur Agricole, du Service de la Protection des Végétaux qui est aussi un de nos anciens élèves et qui a bien voulu nous faire visiter le vignoble de sa famille pour nous montrer les principaux cépages de sa région.Nous devons aussi remercier M. MAK100Nc110F, Directeur du Service de la Ferme Royale de Karésémir qui nous a fait visiter tous les vignobles de cette magnifique ferme, près de Kaboul.Nous tenons à remercier également M. le Sénateur C11ouKouR qui nous a mis au courant de ses essais de vinification des cépages afghans et qui nous a fait déguster plusieurs types de vins, réalisés ces dernières années. Il nous a d'ailleurs été possible de déguster d'autres vins préparés par des Français résidant à Kaboul: M. LAUREr<T, Proviseur du Lycée et M. CHARRIER que nous remercions bien vivement de leur accueil, et nous n'oublierons pas dans ces remerciements M. GALuÉ, Chargé d'Affaires à !'Ambassade de France qui nous a fait connaître toutes ces personnalités et qui a bien voulu réaliser un essai de vinification sur nos conseils. Enfin pour terminer, il nous est agréable de remercier tous les membres de la Mission RCP44: d'abord M. MENEss,En, Chef de la Mission qui a aplani toutes les difficultés matérielles, M. Le Professeur MoTTE de la Faculté des Sciences de Montpellier qui est à l'origine de notre Mission en Afghanistan et qui a bien voulu patronner notre travail et M. LALANDE, Assistant à la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse qui est aussi le représentant permanent de la Mission à Kaboul

Evaluation of evoh-coated pp films with oregano essential oil and citral to improve the shelf-life of packaged salad

[EN] The aim of this study was to improve the present packaging of salad by combining modified atmosphere packaging with a new antimicrobial active bag consisting of PP/EVOH film with oregano essential oil or citral, with the purpose of extending shelf-life and reducing possible microbiological risks. The (O-2) and CO2 barrier properties of PP/EVOH, mechanical properties (Young's modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break) were determined and compared with those of standard PP films. Antimicrobial tests were carried out for enterobacteria, total aerobic counts, yeasts and moulds, and lactic acid bacteria and psychrotrophic bacteria, and the effect of the release of the antimicrobial agent on the sensory characteristics of the salads was also studied. The application of the EVOH coating results in an increase in the tensile resistance of the PP films and a reduction in the elongation at break. The results showed that microorganism counts bacteria decreased especially at the beginning of the storage period. OEO and CITRAL samples had reductions of 1.38 log and 2.13 log respectively against enterobacterias, about 2 log against yeasts and moulds. The total aerobic counts reduced 1.08 log with OEO and 1.23 log with CITRAL and the reduction of lactic acid bacteria and psychrotrophic was about 2 log. Citral-based films appeared to be more effective than materials containing oregano essential oil in reducing spoilage flora during storage time. Sensory studies also showed that the package with citral was the most accepted by customers at the end of the shelf-life. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved,Authors thank the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project AGL2009-08776 and V.M-G fellowships), EU (Nafispack project 212544), Generalitat Valenciana (J.P.C. fellowship) and Mr. Karel Clapshaw (translation services).Muriel Galet, V.; Cerisuelo, JR.; López Carballo, G.; Aucejo, S.; Gavara Clemente, R.; Hernández Muñoz, P. (2013). Evaluation of evoh-coated pp films with oregano essential oil and citral to improve the shelf-life of packaged salad. Food Control. 30(1):137-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.032S13714330

Antimicrobial Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol/Epsilon-Polylysine Films and Their Application in Surimi Preservation

[EN] Polymer films based on ethylene vinyl copolymers (EVOH) containing a 29 % (EVOH 29) and a 44 % molar percentage of ethylene (EVOH 44), and incorporating epsilon-polylysine (EPL) at 0 %, 1 %, 5 % and 10 % were successfully made by casting. The optical properties and the amount of EPL released from the films to phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 were evaluated, films showing great transparency and those of EVOH 29 copolymer releasing a greater amount of EPL. The antimicrobial properties of the resulting films were tested in vitro against different foodborne microorganisms and in vivo in surimi sticks. With regard to the antimicrobial capacity tested in vitro in liquid medium at 37 A degrees C and 4 A degrees C against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli over a period of 72 h, films showed a considerable growth inhibitory effect against both pathogens, more notably against L. monocytogenes, and being EVOH 29 more effective than EVOH 44 films. At 37 A degrees C, total growth inhibition was observed for EVOH 29 films incorporating 10 % EPL against both microorganisms whereas the copolymer EVOH 44 did show total inhibition against L. monocytogenes and the growth of E. coli was reduced by 6.64 log units. At 4 A degrees C, no film was able to inhibit completely bacterial growth. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed corrugated cell surfaces with blisters and bubbles, and collapse of the cells appearing shorter and more compact after treatment with EPL. Finally, the films were successfully used to increase the shelf life of surimi sticks. The results show the films developed have a great potential for active food packaging applications.The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, projects AGL2012-39920-C03-01, and fellowship funding for V. M.-G.Muriel-Galet, V.; Lopez-Carballo, G.; Gavara Clemente, R.; Hernández-Muñoz, P. (2014). Antimicrobial Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol/Epsilon-Polylysine Films and Their Application in Surimi Preservation. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 7(12):3548-3559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1363-1S35483559712Adams, M. R., & Moss, M. O. (2008). Food microbiology. UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry Cambridge.Aucejo, S., Catala, R., & Gavara, R. (2000). Interactions between water and EVOH food packaging films. Food Science and Technology International, 6(2), 159–164.Brandt, A. L., Castillo, A., Harris, K. B., Keeton, J. T., Hardin, M. D., & Taylor, T. M. (2010). Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by food antimicrobials applied singly and in combination. Journal of Food Science, 75(9), 557–563.Buchanan, R. L., & Doyle, M. P. (1997). Foodborne disease significance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other enterohemorrhagic E-coli. Food Technology, 51(10), 69–76.Chang, S.-S., Lu, W.-Y. W., Park, S.-H., & Kang, D.-H. (2010). 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T., Tan, K. L., Kato, K., Uyama, Y., & Ikada, Y. (1996). Surface modification and functionalization of polytetrafluoroethylene films. Macromolecules, 29(21), 6872–6879.Li, J., Han, Q., Chen, W., & Ye, L. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of Chinese bayberry extract for the preservation of surimi. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(11), 2358–2365.Lopez de Dicastillo, C., Nerin, C., Alfaro, P., Catala, R., Gavara, R., & Hernandez-Munoz, P. (2011). Development of new antioxidant active packaging films based on ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and green tea extract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(14), 7832–7840.Lopez-de-Dicastillo, C., Alonso, J. M., Catala, R., Gavara, R., & Hernandez-Munoz, P. (2010). Improving the antioxidant protection of packaged food by incorporating natural flavonoids into ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) dilms. 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A rapid procedure for the detection and isolation of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroup O26, O103, O111, O118, O121, O145 and O157 strains and the aggregative EHEC O104:H4 strain from ready-to-eat vegetables. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 152(1–2), 19–30.Uchida, E., Uyama, Y., & Ikada, Y. (1993). Sorption of low-molecular-weight anions into thin polycation layers grafted onto a film. Langmuir, 9(4), 1121–1124.Unalan, I. U., Ucar, K. D. A., Arcan, I., Korel, F., & Yemenicioglu, A. (2011). Antimicrobial potential of polylysine in edible films. Food Science and Technology Research, 17(4), 375–380.Venugopal, V., & Shahidi, F. (1995). Value-added products from underutilized fish species. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 35(5), 431–453.Zambuchini, B., Fiorini, D., Verdenelli, M. C., Orpianesi, C., & Ballini, R. (2008). Inhibition of microbiological activity during sole (Solea solea L.) chilled storage by applying ellagic and ascorbic acids. 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Grape yield and must composition of "Cabernet Sauvignon" grapevines with organic compost and urea fertilization.

Urea and organic compost are applied as a nitrogen (N) source in vineyards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield, total N content in the leaves and the must composition in grapevines with the application of organic compost and urea. ?Cabernet Sauvignon? grapevines, in the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 crop seasons were subjected to the application of 40 kg N ha-1 in the form of organic compost and urea; but there were also unfertilized grapevines. In both crop seasons, leaves were collected at the stages of full flowering and at the change in color of the berries, and the total N content were analyzed; grape yield was evaluated and enological attributes were determined in the must. The application of organic compost and urea did not affect the N content in the leaf nor the grape yield in the second crop season evaluated. However, in the first crop season, grape yield was greater in the grapevines with application of organic compost to the soil. The addition of N sources did not affect the total nutrient content in the must but, in the second crop season, the grape must from the grapevines with the addition of organic compost had a lower soluble solids concentration and a higher total acidity value, as well as tartaric and malic acid values. KEYWORDS: nitrogen, leaf analysis, Vitis vinifera L

Bonding of the Inner Tracker Silicon Microstrip Modules

Microbonding of the CMS Tracker Inner Barrel (TIB) and Tracker Inner Disks (TID) modules was shared among six different Italian Institutes. The organization devised and the infrastructure deployed to handle this task is illustrated. Microbonding specifications and procedures for the different types of TIB and TID modules are given. The tooling specially designed and developed for these types of modules is described. Experience of production is presented. Attained production rates are given. An analysis of the microbonding quality achieved is presented, based on bond strengths measured in sample bond pull tests as well as on rates of bonding failures. Italian Bonding Centers routinely performed well above minimum specifications and a very low global introduced failure rate, at the strip level, of only $\sim$0.015 \% is observed

Clones Identification and Genetic Characterization of Garnacha Grapevine by Means of Different PCR-Derived Marker Systems

This study uses PCR-derived marker systems to investigate the extent and distribution of genetic variability of 53 Garnacha accessions coming from Italy, France and Spain. The samples studied include 28 Italian accessions (named Tocai rosso in Vicenza area; Alicante in Sicily and Elba island; Gamay perugino in Perugia province; Cannonau in Sardinia), 19 Spanish accessions of different types (named Garnacha tinta, Garnacha blanca, Garnacha peluda, Garnacha roja, Garnacha erguida, Garnacha roya) and 6 French accessions (named Grenache and Grenache noir). In order to verify the varietal identity of the samples, analyses based on 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were performed. The presence of an additional allele at ISV3 locus (151 bp) was found in four Tocai rosso accessions and in a Sardinian Cannonau clone, that are, incidentally, chimeras. In addition to microsatellite analysis, intravarietal variability study was performed using AFLP, SAMPL and M-AFLP molecular markers. AFLPs could discriminate among several Garnacha samples; SAMPLs allowed distinguishing few genotypes on the basis of their geographic origin, whereas M-AFLPs revealed plant-specific markers, differentiating all accessions. Italian samples showed the greatest variability among themselves, especially on the basis of their different provenance, while Spanish samples were the most similar, in spite of their morphological diversity

First room temperature operation of the AURIGA optical readout

In the frame of the AURIGA collaboration, a readout scheme based on an optical resonant cavity has been implemented on a room temperature resonant bar detector of gravitational waves. The bar equipped with the optical readout has been operating for a few weeks and we report here the first results

Genetic structure and differentiation in cultivated fig (Ficus carica L.)

One hundred ninety-four germplasm accessions of fig representing the four fig types, Common, Smyrna, San Pedro, and Caprifig were analyzed for genetic diversity, structure, and differentiation using genetic polymorphism at 15 microsatellite loci. The collection showed considerable polymorphism with observed number of alleles per locus ranging from four for five different loci, MFC4, LMFC14, LMFC22, LMFC31 and LMFC35 to nine for LMFC30 with an average of 4.9 alleles per locus. Seven of the 15 loci included in the genetic structure analyses exhibited significant deviation from panmixia, of which two showed excess and five showed deficiency of heterozygote. The cluster analysis (CA) revealed ten groups with 32 instances of synonymy among cultivars and groups differed significantly for frequency and composition of alleles for different loci. The principal components analysis (PCA) confirmed the results of CA with some groups more differentiated than the others. Further, the model based Bayesian approach clustering suggested a subtle population structure with mixed ancestry for most figs. The gene diversity analysis indicated that much of the total variation is found within groups (HG/HT = 0.853; 85.3%) and the among groups within total component (GGT = 0.147) accounted for the remaining 14.7%, of which ~64% accounted for among groups within clusters (GGC = 0.094) and ~36% among clusters (GCT = 0.053). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed approximately similar results with nearly 87% of variation within groups and ~10% among groups within clusters, and ~3% among clusters. Overall, the gene pool of cultivated fig analyzed possesses substantial genetic polymorphism but exhibits narrow differentiation. It is evident that fig accessions from Turkmenistan are somewhat genetically different from the rest of the Mediterranean and the Caucasus figs. The long history of domestication and cultivation with widespread dispersal of cultivars with many synonyms has resulted in a great deal of confusion in the identification and classification of cultivars in fig

222^{222}Rn contamination mechanisms on acrylic surfaces

In this work, the $^{222}$Rn contamination mechanisms on acrylic surfaces have been investigated. $^{222}$Rn can represent a significant background source for low-background experiments, and acrylic is a suitable material for detector design thanks to its purity and transparency. Four acrylic samples have been exposed to a $^{222}$Rn rich environment for different time periods, being contaminated by $^{222}$Rn and its progenies. Subsequently, the time evolution of radiocontaminants activity on the samples has been evaluated with $\alpha$ and $\gamma$ measurements, highlighting the role of different decay modes in the contamination process. A detailed analysis of the alpha spectra allowed to quantify the implantation depth of the contaminants. Moreover, a study of both $\alpha$ and $\gamma$ measurements pointed out the $^{222}$Rn diffusion inside the samples